Amateka n’ibigwi by’umusizi William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare yari umwanditsi wamakinamico n’umusizi w’umwongereza, itariki yavukiyeho nti izwi neza ariko yabatijwe tariki 26 Mata 1564 (benshi bakaba bemeza ko yaba yaravutse tariki 23 Mata) yitaba Imana tariki 23 Mata 1616.

Mu isi y’ubuhanzi nubusizi, Shakespeare afatwa nka sekuruza wabahanzi bose, haba mu rurimi rw’icyongereza no ku isi yose muri rusange.

Shakespeare yanditse imikino myinshi n’imivugo myinshi byagiye bimenyekana ndetse bikifashishwa hirya no hino ku isi muri sinema.

Aha twavuga nk’umukino wamamaye wa Romeo and Juliet wakozwemo filime nyinshi mu bihugu binyuranye ku isi.

William Shakespeare avuka kuri John Shakespeare akaba yari umuyobozi mu butegetsi bw’ubwami bwicyo gihe, na Mary Alden wari umukobwa wumutunzi wari ukomeye icyo gihe.

Yavukiye ahitwa Stratford-upon-Avon akaba yarabatijwe akivuka. Itariki yavukiyeho nti izwi neza ariko benshi bafata tariki 23 Mata nkitariki yamavuko ye,yari umwana wa 3 mu bana 8.

Yabatijwe tariki 26 Mata 1564, abanditsi bakaba bemeza ko yaba yarabatijwe mu idini gatolika.

Nubwo nta mashuri azwi yize, abanditsi benshi banditse ko yaba yarize mu ishuri rya Kings New School muri Stratford.

Ku myaka 18, William yashyingiwe Anne Hathaway wimyaka 26 yamavuko.

Nyuma yamezi 6 bashyingiwe, bibarutse umwana wumukobwa Susanna Shakespeare , nyuma yimyaka 2 babyaye izindi mpanga, umuhungu Hammet numukobwa Judith, ariko Hammet yitabye Imana ku myaka 11 ku mpamvu itazwi.

Nyuma yo kwibaruka impanga, William yatangiye gukora ibikorwa byatumye yibukwa mu mateka yubuhanzi bwubwongereza aho yatangiye kwandika amakinamico.

Nti bizwi neza igihe yatangiriye kwandika, ariko amateka menshi agaragaza ko William yatangiye kumenyekana mu bwanditsi kuva mu 1592.

Abanditsi bamateka benshi bavuga ko ubwanditsi bwa William bwatangiye mu myaka y’1580, mbere gato yuko uwari umwanditsi nawe wari ukomeye Greene atangira kumenyekana.

Kuva mu 1594, amwe mu makinamico yanditse yatangiye gukinwa mu bwongereza, ikaba yarakinwaga nabari bagize Lord Chamberlands Men ikaba iyo group yari igizwe n’abakinnyi bamakinamico barimo na William.

Nyuma y’urupfu rwumwamikazi Elizabeth mu 1603, iyo group yahawe uburenganzira bwo gukora byemewe n’umwami James wa mbere ikaba yarahise ihindura izina ikitwa Kings Men.

Mu 1599, ubufatanye bwabari bagize iyo group bwatumye bubaka inzu yabo yo gukiniramo amakinamico hafi yumugezi wa Thames bakaba barayise Globe.

Mu 1608, baguze indi nzu yo gukiniramo ya Blackfriars indoor theatre, amafaranga yavaga muri iyo nzu yatumye William aba umuherwe icyo gihe.

Dusubiye inyuma gato, mu 1597, yaguze inzu nini cyane yakataraboneka ikaba yari iya 2 mu bunini muri Stratford yose.

Shakespeare yamenyekanye mu makinamico menshi, ndetse bikaba byaramworoheraga kuko amakinamico yandikaga group ye yahitaga iyakina bityo bikamufasha kumenyekana cyane.

Mu makinamico yanditse, harimo nka Romeo and Juliet ikaba ivuga umuhungu n’umukobwa baturuka mu miryango ibiri ihora ihanganye, bakaba baraje gukundana urukundo rwavuyemo ibyago bikomeye.

Iyi kinamico yayanditse mu myaka y’1600 ariko kugeza nubu ikaba igikoreshwa hirya no hino ku isi.

Muri rusange yanditse amakinamico agera kuri 39 yamenyekanye, akaba yaranditse imivugo igera kuri 6 harimo nka Shakespeares sonnet nawo wamamaye cyane.

COMEDIES, HISTORY AND TRAGEDIES.
Iki ni igitabo gikubiyemo amakinamico anyuranye ya Shakespeare cyagiye hanze mu mwaka w’1923.

Shakespeare yitabye Imana tariki 23 Mata 1616, ikaba ari tariki imwe nkifatwa nkiyo yavutseho, akaba yarasize umugore we Susanna nabana 2 babakobwa, ariko impamvu yurupfu rwe ikaba itaranditswe. Yashyinguwe nyuma yiminsi 2 yitabye Imana akaba yarashyinguwe muri kiliziya y’ubutatu butagatifu.

Ku mva ya Shakespeare handitseho amagambo agira ati, Inshuti nziza, ku mpamvu z’ubushake bwa Yezu, nta wemerewe kuvana hano umukungugu urimo imbere.

Hahabwe umugisha umuntu uha agaciro aya mabuye, ndetse havumwe umuntu uzakura aha aya magufwa. Bitewe naya magambo yanditse ku gituro cya Shakespeare, mu mwaka w’2008 ubwo hasanwaga iyi kiliziya, imva ye yarabererekewe hakaba nta muntu wigeze ayikoraho.

Ikinamico ye Romeo and Juliet yagiye ikorwamo filime nyinshi cyane hirya no hino ku isi. Uru ni urugero rwa filime yo mu 1996 yamamaye cyane ku isi ikinwamo na Leonardo DiCaprio aho aba ari Romeo na Claire Daines ari Juliet,ndetse no mu Rwanda ikaba yarasubiwemo bisanishwa na Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994 n’amakimbirane hagati y’amoko.

Shakespeare, afatwa ndetse anibukwa nka sekuru wabahanzi bose ku isi cyane cyane mu bwanditsi no gukina amakinamico, akaba agenda ahabwa icyubahiro mu bihugu binyuranye ku isi bitewe n’agaciro gahabwa ubuhinzi bwamakinamico muri ibyo bihugu.

Imivugo nindirimbo zo hambere nibyo byaranze ibikorwa byo kwibuka Shakespeare

Babinyujije mu bisigo abanyeshuri biga muri Kaminuza yu Rwanda, amashami atandukanye bagaragaje ibyiza n’akamaro k’urukundo n’imbabazi nka bimwe mu bikubiye mu magambo umwanditsi William Shakespeare yavuze akiriho.

Ni mu gikorwa cyo kwibuka William Shakespeare umwanditsi w’amakinamico n’umusizi wUmwongereza umaze imyaka 400 apfuye, cyabaye ku wa 19 Werurwe 2016,igikorwa cyateguwe n’Ikigo cy’u Bwongereza gishinzwe guteza imbere umuco nuburezi, British Council.

Aba banyeshuri 14 bavuze imivugo ivuga ku rukundo nindi igaragaza uburyo rushobora kwangizwa n’ishyari ariko na none ko nyuma yishyari n’urwango ntagishimisha nko kumva ijambo ndakubabariye.

Iyi mivugo yavuzwe naba banyeshuri muri iki gikorwa cyari cyahawe izina rya Shakespeare Lives in 2016, abanyeshuri bayanditse bagendeye ku magambo akomeye yagiye avugwa na Shakespeare arimo nkirigira riti:” Uzakunde bose, wizere bake, ntuzagire uwo ugirira nabi (Love all, trust a few, do wrong to none)”.

Andréa Grieder,umusizi wafashije aba banyeshuri kwandika imivugo yabo binyuze mu mahugurwa yiminsi itatu yavuze ko uyu ari umwanya mwiza baba bahawe wo guteza imbere impano zabo ariko na none bakagira impinduka bageza mu muryango.
Ati:” Ubusizi bushobora guhindura abantu, Bushobora guhindura uwahimbye umuvugo we ubwe ariko na none bushobora guhindura abamukurikira,Ubusizi bushobora kuvuga ku urukundo, akababaro, nibyishimo ariko bugaragaza uwo ndiwe nicyo nshaka kubwira umuryango ndimo”.

Grieder yavuze ko igikorwa nkiki cyo guteza imbere ubusizi, bateganya no kuzenguruka hirya no hino mu tundi duce bashakisha abafite impano y’ubusizi kandi nabakunda imivugo nibisigo bagahabwa amahirwe yo kubyumva.

William Shakespeare ufatwa nkukiriho binyuze mu magambo,imivugo n’amakinamico yagiye yandika bigikoreshwa hirya no hino ku Isi, birimo nkumukino Romeo na Juliet umaze gukinwamo film nyinshi yapfuye ku itariki ya 23 Mata 1616.

Uretse imivugo nibisigo, muri iki gikorwa cyo kwibuka Shakespeare hanacuranzwe indirimbo zurukundo nizindi zacurangwaga mu Rwanda mu myaka yashize.

Iyo urebye filme izwi nka romeo and Juliet, ubona ko urukundo rubaho. Iyi filme ni imwe mu zatumye William shakespear atwara ibihembo bitandukanye ku ruhando rwabahanzi ba filme ku isi.

Bwa mbere abashakshatsi bavumbuye urugo rw’umwanditsi William Shakespeare aho yandikiye umukino wamamaye cyane uzwi nka Romeo and Juliet.

Ubusanzwe byavugwaga ko Shakespeare yabaye mu Mujyi wa Londres ahazwi nka Liverpool Street hagati ya 1597 na 1598.

Umuhanga mu byamateka ajyanye n’amakinamico Geoffrey Marsh amaze imyaka isaga icumi ashakisha ngo amenye neza urugo Shakespeare yari atuyemo.

Ibimenyetso Marsh yabonye, bigaragaza ko Shakespeare yabaye mu nyubako izwi nka 35 Great St Helen iherereye hafi y’urusengero rwa St Helen.

Kuri ubu iyo nyubako ikoreshwa nki biro bya sosiyete z’ubucuruzi zitandukanye.

Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko Shakespeare mu myaka y’1590 yakodeshaga inzu yabagamo,akayikodeshwa na Sosiyete yitwaga Leathersellers nkuko bigaragara ku rupapuro rwimisoro rwo mu 1598.

Marsh usanzwe ari umuyobozi wishami ryimikino y’ubusizi mu nzu ndangamurage ya Victoria and Albert, yavuze ko kumenya neza aho Shakespeare yari atuye bituma umuntu yumva neza aho inganzo ye yaturukaga.

Yavuze ko Nyuma yigihe yimukiye i Londres avuye Stratford, yabaye mu gace kari gatuyemo abakire muri uwo mujyi hafi y’abandi bantu bari bakomeye icyo gihe barimo abacuruzi, abahanga bakomeye n’abahanzi bibyamamare.

Yakomeje avuga ko Abo bacuruzi bari baziranye n’abantu batandukanye mu Burayi naho abahanga bakomeye bari ku isonga mu mpinduramatwara zimitekerereze muri Kaminuza zo mu Budage n’u Butaliyani.

Marsh avuga ko gutura muri kamwe mu duce twari dukomeye i Londres byazamuye agaciro nimikorere bya Shakespeare mu kazi ke.

William Shakespeare ni umwe mu basizi n’abanditsi bakomeye Isi yagize.

Yavutse mu 1564 apfa mu 1616.
Azwi mu nyandiko zitandukanye nimikino myinshi.

Umukino uzwi nka Romeo and Juliet wasohotse mu 1597, uyu mukino waje ukurikiwe nindi mikino nka , The Merchant of Venice, Comedy of Errors nindi.

Birakekwa ko umutwe wumwanditsi Shakespeare wibwe

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu minsi yashize bwerekanye ko umutwe w’umwanditsi wikirangirire William Shakespeare ushobora kuba waribiwe aho ashyinguye mu Bwongereza.

Amakuru yatanzwe n’itsinda rya abashakashatsi yerekana ko barebye ahari imva yuyu musizi mu gice cyari kigenewe umutwe ntibawubone ariko babona igihimba cye.

Umuhanga mu gukora ubushakashatsi ku byahise, wigisha muri kaminuza ya Staffordshire, Kevin Colls ari na we wari uyoboye ubwo bushakashatsi afashijwe na mugenzi Erica Utsi, yakomoje ku iyibwa ryuwo mutwe.
Yagize ati “Twarebye aho bashyinguye Shakespeare, tubona ko ahagombaga kujya umutwe we nta kintu gihari, kandi hari inkuru zivuga ko hari umuntu ushobora kuba yaribye umutwe we.

Kevin Colls yakomeje agira ati:” Ibi bitumye nsa nuwemera ko agahanga ke katari mu rusengero rwa Holy Trinity na gato.”

Iryo tsinda ryakoresheje ubuhanga bwi byuma bireba mu kintu no mu kuzimu hadatobowe,radar, nibwo babonaga ko umutwe wa Shakespeare utari aho yashyinguwe mu rusengero rwa Holy Trinity i Stratford nkuko BBC ikomeza ibitangaza.

Ayo makuru aje yiyongera ku nkuru zigeze kwandikwa mu binyamakuru mu mwaka wa 1879, zatewe utwatsi ko ari ibihuha, ubwo zavugaga ko hari abantu bibye uwo mutwe mu 1794.

Ubwo bushakashatsi ni kimwe mu bikorwa byakozwe mu  bikorwa byo gutegura kwibuka imyaka 400 ishize Shakespeare apfuye.

Shakespeare azwi nkumuhanga wabayeho mu mateka ndetse bamwe bitirira ko ari we mubyeyi winkomoko yubuvanganzo bwururimi rw’Icyongereza nkuko Moliere yitirirwa ururimi rw’Igifaransa.

ITANGISHATSE Lionel/igicumbinews.co.rw

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