Menya Impamvu zitera ihandagurika ry’ibiciro ku isoko n’uburyo byakumirwa

Muri aya mezi,hasigaye hagwa imvura nyinshi ku buryo bitera ibiza bitwara ubuzima bw’abantu,amazu, imirima n’imyaka myinshi.Ibi bifite ingaruka nyinshi cyane ku mibereho y’abanyarwanda ahanini bashingiye imibereho yabo ku buhinzi. Ibiza nk’ibi bitera ihindagurika ry’ibiciro cyane cyane ku bituruka ku buhinzi.

Kuba kandi ku va mu mpera z’ukwezi kwa cumi na biri mu mwaka ushije isi yaratingiye guhangana n’icyorezo cya COVID-19 giterwa na Coronavirus byahuhngabanyije ubucuruzi butandukanye bituma ahenshi mu bihugu ibiciro bihindagurika.

Igicumbi News yifashishije abahanga mu bukungu by’umwihariko Igitabo cyitwa MK Fundamental Economics  cyanditswe na Asiimwe Hubert, twabateguriye impamvu zituma ibiciro bihindagurika ku isoko ndetse n’ingamba zafatwa kugirango byirindwe.

IHINDAGURIKA RY’IBICIRO(fluctuation) N’IKI ?

Ihindagurika ry’ibiciro ni ukwiyongera cyangwa kugabanyuka kw’ibiciro by’ibicuruzwa ku isoko mu rujyano ruhoraho (regulary). Urugero rwumvikana ni ihindagurika ry’ibiciro by’umusaruro w’ibituruka ku buhinzi.

Mu gihe cy’isarura ibiciro by’umusaruro biba biri hasi, maze uko umusaruro ugenda ugabanuka ibiciro bikagenda byiyongera ku isoko.Turarebera hamwe impamvu itera iri hindagurika n’ingamba zo guhangana n’iri hindagurika ry‘ibiciro ku isoko.

Impamvu zitera ihindagurika ry’ibiciro ku isoko

Impamvu zitera ihingadurika ry‘ibiciro ku isoko ni nyinshi cyane ko hari n’iziterwa n’ubwoko bw‘isoko,igihugu runaka na politike yabyo, imyemerere y’abaturage n’ibindi byinshi. Muri iyi nyandiko turibanda ku mpamvu rusange.

Inelastic supply: iyi ni inyito y’uburyo ihindagurika ry’ibiciro ku isoko igihe byiyongereye bidatuma ingano y‘ibigemurirwa amasoko ihinduka cyane.

Biragoye cyane kongera umusaruro w’ibituruka ku buhinzi mu gihe gito.Iyo umusaruro udahagije, abahinzi ntibashobora kongera ibigemurirwa amasoko ako kanya kubera ko bisaba igihe cyo kubyeza, bityo rero ibiciro bikiyongera. Mu gihe cy’isarurwa abahinzi bagira ikibazo cyo kugabanya ibigemurirwa amasoko ni uko ibiciro bikagwa cyane.

Ibi biterwa nuko umusaruro w’ibituruka ku buhinzi utizerwa.ibi bisobanurwa nuko uwo musaruro uterwa n’impamvu nyinshi karemano harimo ihindagurika ry’ikirere, indwara n’udukoko turya imyaka.

Umwaka umwe usanga umusaruro wabaye mwinshi, undi ukaba muke. Umusaruro iyo ubaye mwinshi ibigemurirwa amasoko biba byinshi cyane bityo ibiciro bikagwa, naho iyo umusaruro ubaye muke ibiciro biriyongera bitewe n’ubuke bw’umusaruro ku isoko.

Perishability of products:Ukwangirika k’umusaruro uturuka ku buhinzi.

Umusaruro mwinshi uturuka ku buhinzi uba ufite igihe gito cyo kubaho. Abahinzi bagomba kugurisha umusaruro wose mu gihe gito gishoboka mu rwego rwo kwirinda igihombo. Niyo mpamvu bagurisha ku giciro gito, aho kugirango bibapfire ubusa byangiritse.

Inelastic demand : ihindagurika rinini cyane ry’ ibiciro ku isoko byagabanutse  ariko ingano y’ibigurwa yo ntihinduke cyane ku isoko. Umusaruro mwinshi uturuka ku buhinzi ni ibiribwa. Ibi akenshi, ntibisaba amafaranga make ngo hagurwe byinshi cyane kuko nabo nta handi baba babijyanye nabo byafapfira ubusa. Bityo rero, ibiciro bikaguma kugwa kandi n‘ingano y’ibigurwa ntiyiyongere cyane.

Poor storage technology: Ikoranabuhanga rikiri hasi mu kubika umusaruro.Biracyakomeye mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’Amajyambere kugenzura ibihe no gucunga neza umusaruro. Umusaruro ugenwa n’imiterere karemano y’ikirere. Naho ubonekeye,hakaba nta buryo buhari bw’ikoranabuhanga bwo kubika umusaruro.

Izi mpamvu zose ka tuzisobanure mu rugero rwumvikana. Dufate ibiciro by’ibirayi byiyongereye cyane, abahinzi bazateganya kugemura byinshi ku isoko ngo bunguke ariko baba bazabigeraho mu isizeni itaha. Abahinzi bagashyira imbaraga mu guhinga ibirayi, umusaruro ukaba mwinshi.

Ukwiyongera k’uyu musaruro noneho bituma ibiciro bigabanuka. Igabanuka ry’ibi biciro bica intege abahinzi, ni uko bakagemura bike isizeni ikurikiyeho, umusaruro ugemurwa ku isoko ukagabanuka, bityo ibiciro bikiyongera.

Bityo bityo ni uko uruhererekane rugakomeza rutyo ari ihindagurika ry’ibiciro mu kwiyongera no kugabanuka ku biciro.

Ingamba zo Kugenzura ihindagurika ry’ibiciro. (Controlling price fluctuations)

Ihindagurika ry’ibiciro ni ikibazo ku bacuruzi , abagemurira amasoko, abaguzi, igihugu ndetse n’ abagenabikorwa (planners).

Mu rwego rwo guhangana n’iri zamuka ry’ibiciro, dore zimwe mu ngamba zifatwa:

Setting minimum prices (price floor). Gushyiraho igiciro fatizo.

Iki ni igiciro gito gishoboka gishyirwaho ku buryo nta mucuruzi wemerewe kugurisha munsi yacyo. Ibi bikorwa mu kurinda abagemura ibicuruzwa mu gihe bigaragara ko ibiciro biri kugabanuka cyane.

Setting maximum prices (price ceiling). Gushyiraho igiciro Ntarengwa.

Iki ni igiciro gishyirwaho na leta, mu gihe bigaragara ko ibicuruzwa ari bike cyane bigatera izamuka rikabije ry’ibiciro. Ibi bikorwa mu rwego rwo kurinda abaguzi kugirango bataryamirwa bagacibwa ibiciro by’umurengera.

Mwarabibonye muri ibi bihe hirindwa Coronavirus aho Minisiteri y’ubucurzi n’inganda mu Rwanda yashyizeho ibiciro abacuruzi batagomba kurenza ku bicuruzwa bacuruza.

Buffer stocking: ubu ni uburyo bwo kubika umusaruro mu gihe ari mwinshi ku isoko, kugirango uzifashishwe mu gihe umusaruro wabaye muke ku isoko mu rwego rwo kugenzura ibiciro. Ikibazo cy’ ubu buryo ni uko iyo ibihe bikurikiranye byose bifite ikibazo cy’umusaruro muke, iki kigega kirashira. Ikindi kibazo, mu bihugu bidafite ubushobozi bwo kubika umusaruro usanga kenshi wangirika, hari ibihugu bibura amafaranga yo kugura umusaruro wo guhunika.

Stabilisation fund: Iki ni ikigega gishyirwaho kikabika amafaranga azagoboka abahinzi mu gihe umusaruro wabaye muke. Iki kigega gishyirwaho iyo umusaruro ugurishirizwa mu ma koperative. Hashyirwaho igiciro fatizo cyo kugurishirizaho umusaruro, nuko iyo cooperative nayo ikagurisha ku isoko. Igihe igiciro cyabaye kinini cyane ku isoko, amafaranga arenze ku giciro fatizo akabikwa. Aya abitse, yifashishwa mu gihe umusaruro wabaye mwinshi ibiciro bikagabanunuka cyane ku buryo igiciro kijya munsi ya cya kindi fatizo baguriraho umusaruro ku bahinzi.

Ikibazo cy’ubu buryo ni uko iyo ibihe byigabanyuka ry’ibiciro kibaye kinini, amafaranga y’ingoboka arashira.

Treaties: Ubu ni uburyo hemeranywa ibiciro hagati y’umucuruzi n’umuguzi mu gihe runaka, ku buryo umusaruro waba muke waba mwinshi igiciro kidahinduka mu gihe bemeranyijwe.

Aha reka dufate urugero ku biciro byo gutwara abantu,mwarabibonye RURA yongera ibiciro by’ingendo ariko ikagaragaza ko ari mu nyungu z’abagenzi n’abanyirimodoka kubera ko hari imyanya mu modoka iticarwamo muri ibi bihe byo kwirinda Coronavirus basiga metero imwe hagati yabo ,kandi RURA yatangaje ibi bihe nibirangira ibiciro bizahinduka.

Resale price maintenance(RPM) :Ubu ni uburyo nyir ‘igicuruzwa ariwe ushyiraho igiciro akagena uko abacuruzi bazagurisha akanagenzura uburyo bishyirwa mu bikorwa. Ibi bituma nta mucuruzi wongera ibiciro uko abonye cyangwa ngo umuguzi abigabanye uko ashatse.

Aha turatanga urugero rw’inganda ,mujya mubona nka Bralirwa imanika ibiciro ntarengwa bya byeri mu tubari .

Ngibyo ibijyanye n’ihindagurika ry’ibiciro n’ingamba zafatwa kugirango byirindwe.

Igihugu cyose gisabwa gushaka uburyo burambye bwo guhangana n’iri hindagurika ry’ibiciro,cyane cyane aho biba bigaragara cyane ko bishobora kubaho,nko mu Rwanda Ibiza byatwaye imyaka myinshi ndetse na Coronavirus igahungabanya ubucuruzi butandukanye.

Isimbi Sandrine/Igicumbi News